OA - Employee Management System - Anthropic Interview Question | DarkInterview

Employee Management System (Online Assessment)

OASoftware Engineer

Overview

Your task is to implement a simplified employee management system. This problem consists of 4 levels that progressively add complexity:

Level 1: Add employees and track clock in/out
Level 2: Query total office time and find top K employees by office time
Level 3: Promotions with deferred activation and salary queries for time periods
Level 4: Double salary time periods

Each level is unlocked when the current level is correctly solved.

Level 1: Basic Employee Operations

Description

Implement basic employee management functionality including adding new employees and tracking when they enter and leave the office. [Source: darkinterview.com]

Operations

Add Employee

Add a new employee to the system with:
- Name
- Position
- Hourly salary (hourly rate)
Employee information should be stored in the system

Clock In/Out

Track when employees enter the office (clock in)
Track when employees leave the office (clock out)
System should maintain records of office entry and exit times

Solution

class Employee:
    def __init__(self, name: str, position: str, hourly_salary: float):
        self.name = name
        self.position = position
        self.hourly_salary = hourly_salary
        self.clock_records = []  # List of (clock_in, clock_out) tuples
        self.current_clock_in = None

class EmployeeManagementSystem:
    def __init__(self):
        self.employees = {}  # name -> Employee

    def add_employee(self, name: str, position: str, hourly_salary: float) -> None:
        self.employees[name] = Employee(name, position, hourly_salary)

    def clock_in(self, name: str, timestamp: int) -> None:
        employee = self.employees[name]
        employee.current_clock_in = timestamp

    def clock_out(self, name: str, timestamp: int) -> None:
        employee = self.employees[name]
        if employee.current_clock_in is not None:
            employee.clock_records.append((employee.current_clock_in, timestamp))
            employee.current_clock_in = None

Level 2: Office Time Tracking

Description

Support querying employee office time statistics and ranking employees by time spent in the office.

New Operations

Query Total Office Time

Query the total time a specific employee has spent in the office
Calculate the cumulative time across all clock in/out sessions

Top K Employees by Office Time

Find the top K employees who have spent the most time in the office
Results should be ranked by total office time

Solution

Building on Level 1, add these methods to EmployeeManagementSystem:

import heapq

class EmployeeManagementSystem:
    # ... Level 1 methods ...

    def get_total_office_time(self, name: str) -> int:
        employee = self.employees[name]
        total_time = 0
        for clock_in, clock_out in employee.clock_records:
            total_time += clock_out - clock_in
        return total_time

    def top_k_employees_by_office_time(self, k: int) -> list[str]:
        # Calculate total time for each employee
        times = []
        for name in self.employees:
            total_time = self.get_total_office_time(name)
            times.append((-total_time, name))  # Negative for max-heap behavior

        heapq.heapify(times)

        result = []
        for _ in range(min(k, len(times))):
            _, name = heapq.heappop(times)
            result.append(name)
        return result

Level 3: Promotions and Salary Queries

Description

Implement promotion functionality with deferred activation and support querying total compensation for any time period. [Source: darkinterview.com]

New Operations

Announce Promotion

Announce a promotion for an employee (including position change and/or salary increase)
The promotion does not take effect immediately
The promotion takes effect on the next time the employee clocks in to the office after the announcement
The new salary applies to all hours worked after the promotion takes effect

Query Salary for Time Period

Calculate the total salary earned during a specific time period
Formula: Total Salary = Clock Time × Hourly Rate
Must account for:
- Different hourly rates if promotions occurred during the period
- Only count time when the employee was actually in the office (clocked in)

Solution

Key insight: Store the hourly rate with each clock record to handle salary changes between sessions.

class Employee:
    def __init__(self, name: str, position: str, hourly_salary: float):
        self.name = name
        self.position = position
        self.hourly_salary = hourly_salary
        self.clock_records = []  # (clock_in, clock_out, hourly_salary_at_time)
        self.current_clock_in = None
        self.pending_promotion = None  # (new_position, new_salary)

class EmployeeManagementSystem:
    def __init__(self):
        self.employees = {}

    def add_employee(self, name: str, position: str, hourly_salary: float) -> None:
        self.employees[name] = Employee(name, position, hourly_salary)

    def clock_in(self, name: str, timestamp: int) -> None:
        employee = self.employees[name]
        # Apply pending promotion on clock in
        if employee.pending_promotion:
            new_position, new_salary = employee.pending_promotion
            employee.position = new_position
            employee.hourly_salary = new_salary
            employee.pending_promotion = None
        employee.current_clock_in = timestamp

    def clock_out(self, name: str, timestamp: int) -> :
        employee = .employees[name]
         employee.current_clock_in   :
            
            employee.clock_records.append(
                (employee.current_clock_in, timestamp, employee.hourly_salary)
            )
            employee.current_clock_in = 

     () -> :
        employee = .employees[name]
        employee.pending_promotion = (new_position, new_salary)

     () -> :
        employee = .employees[name]
        total_salary = 

         clock_in, clock_out, hourly_rate  employee.clock_records:
            
            overlap_start = (clock_in, start)
            overlap_end = (clock_out, end)

             overlap_start < overlap_end:
                hours_worked = overlap_end - overlap_start
                total_salary += hours_worked * hourly_rate

         total_salary

Level 4: Double Salary Periods

Description

Support designating certain time periods as double salary periods, where employees earn twice their normal hourly rate.

New Operations

Define Double Salary Period

Designate specific time periods where all hours worked earn double salary
During these periods, the effective hourly rate is 2 × base hourly rate

Salary Calculation with Double Salary

When calculating salary for a time period (from Level 3), account for double salary periods
Hours worked during double salary periods should be compensated at twice the normal rate
Handle cases where:
- An employee's office time overlaps with a double salary period
- Multiple double salary periods exist
- Promotions and double salary periods interact

Solution

Key insight: Use interval segmentation - split work periods at double salary boundaries and calculate each segment separately. [Source: darkinterview.com]

class EmployeeManagementSystem:
    def __init__(self):
        self.employees = {}
        self.double_salary_periods = []  # List of (start, end) tuples

    # ... Level 1-3 methods ...

    def define_double_salary_period(self, start: int, end: int) -> None:
        self.double_salary_periods.append((start, end))

    def query_salary_for_period(self, name: str, start: int, end: int) -> float:
        employee = self.employees[name]
        total_salary = 0.0

        for clock_in, clock_out, hourly_rate in employee.clock_records:
            # Find overlap between work session and query period
            work_start = max(clock_in, start)
            work_end = min(clock_out, end)

            if work_start >= work_end:
                continue

            # Calculate salary considering double salary periods
            total_salary += self._calculate_salary_with_double(
                work_start, work_end, hourly_rate
            )

        return total_salary

    def _calculate_salary_with_double(self, start: int, end: int, hourly_rate: float) -> float:
        """Calculate salary for a work period, accounting for double salary periods."""
        # Collect all relevant boundaries within [start, end]
        points = {start, end}
         ds_start, ds_end  .double_salary_periods:
             ds_start > start  ds_start < end:
                points.add(ds_start)
             ds_end > start  ds_end < end:
                points.add(ds_end)

        sorted_points = (points)
        total = 

         i  ((sorted_points) - ):
            seg_start, seg_end = sorted_points[i], sorted_points[i + ]
            mid = (seg_start + seg_end) // 

            
            is_double = (ds <= mid < de  ds, de  .double_salary_periods)
            multiplier =   is_double  
            total += (seg_end - seg_start) * hourly_rate * multiplier

         total

Complete Solution

Here is the full implementation with all levels combined:

import heapq
from typing import List, Tuple, Optional

class Employee:
    def __init__(self, name: str, position: str, hourly_salary: float):
        self.name = name
        self.position = position
        self.hourly_salary = hourly_salary
        self.clock_records: List[Tuple[int, int, float]] = []  # (in, out, rate)
        self.current_clock_in: Optional[int] = None
        self.pending_promotion: Optional[Tuple[str, float]] = None

class EmployeeManagementSystem:
    def __init__(self):
        self.employees: dict[str, Employee] = {}
        self.double_salary_periods: List[Tuple[int, int]] = []

    # Level 1
    def add_employee(self, name: str, position: str, hourly_salary: float) -> None:
        self.employees[name] = Employee(name, position, hourly_salary)

     () -> :
        emp = .employees[name]
         emp.pending_promotion:
            emp.position, emp.hourly_salary = emp.pending_promotion
            emp.pending_promotion = 
        emp.current_clock_in = timestamp

     () -> :
        emp = .employees[name]
         emp.current_clock_in   :
            emp.clock_records.append((emp.current_clock_in, timestamp, emp.hourly_salary))
            emp.current_clock_in = 

    
     () -> :
         (out - in_  in_, out, _  .employees[name].clock_records)

     () -> []:
        times = [(-.get_total_office_time(n), n)  n  .employees]
        heapq.heapify(times)
         [heapq.heappop(times)[]  _  ((k, (times)))]

    
     () -> :
        .employees[name].pending_promotion = (new_position, new_salary)

     () -> :
        total = 
         in_, out, rate  .employees[name].clock_records:
            ws, we = (in_, start), (out, end)
             ws < we:
                total += ._calc_with_double(ws, we, rate)
         total

    
     () -> :
        .double_salary_periods.append((start, end))

     () -> :
        points = {start, end}
         ds, de  .double_salary_periods:
             ds > start  ds < end:
                points.add(ds)
             de > start  de < end:
                points.add(de)

        sorted_points = (points)
        total = 

         i  ((sorted_points) - ):
            seg_start, seg_end = sorted_points[i], sorted_points[i + ]
            mid = (seg_start + seg_end) // 
            is_double = (ds <= mid < de  ds, de  .double_salary_periods)
            multiplier =   is_double  
            total += (seg_end - seg_start) * rate * multiplier

         total

Complexity Analysis

Operation	Time Complexity	Space Complexity
add_employee	O(1)	O(1)
clock_in	O(1)	O(1)
clock_out	O(1)	O(1)
get_total_office_time	O(R)	O(1)
top_k_employees_by_office_time	O(E log E)	O(E)
announce_promotion	O(1)	O(1)
query_salary_for_period	O(R * D)	O(D)
define_double_salary_period	O(1)	O(1)

Where:

R = number of clock records for an employee
E = number of employees
D = number of double salary periods

Discussion

Employee Management System (Online Assessment)

Overview

Level 1: Basic Employee Operations

Description

Operations

Add Employee

Clock In/Out

Solution

Level 2: Office Time Tracking

Description

New Operations

Query Total Office Time

Top K Employees by Office Time

Solution

Level 3: Promotions and Salary Queries

Description

New Operations

Announce Promotion

Query Salary for Time Period

Solution

Level 4: Double Salary Periods

Description

New Operations

Define Double Salary Period

Salary Calculation with Double Salary

Solution

Complete Solution

Complexity Analysis